what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil

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The difference between the final and initial dial readings of the proving ring gives In: Oliveira R, Rodrigues LF, Coelho AG, Cunha AP (eds) Proceedings of the 7th international congress on international association engineering geology, Lisbon. A smooth curve shall be drawn joining these points. However, when the applied vertical load was greater than 50kPa, the samples collapsed during wetting at a dry density of 0.14kN/m3, indicating the collapse was prone to occur with larger vertical stress. 1, pp. These results could be explained by the change in the microstructure as the water content increased; this relationship could be described by a Gaussian function. This concept was also extended to predict swelling pressure determined by constant volume method. 131, no. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr M. V. Villar and A. Lloret, Influence of dry density and water content on the swelling of a compacted bentonite, Applied Clay Science, vol. Relation of expansive deformation and log time. W. K. Wray, B. M. El-Garhy, and A. This result demonstrated that there was a threshold value of initial moisture content, above which primary expansion process would be depressed. excluding those parts which will be on top of the soil specimen, which rest In: 12th Panamerican conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering/39th US rock mechanics symposium, Cambridge, MA, USA, pp 17671772, Rizzo DM, Dougherty DE (1994) Application of artificial neural networks for site characterization using hard and soft information. shall not be less than 10 times the maximum diameter of the 1, pp. counter-balanced. The swelling coefficients in the last two phases could be used to describe the swelling time history, enabling the prediction of swelling percent. Shrinkage cracks usually show up within the first year of the life of a home. Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or Concrete. Villar and Lloret [19] noted expansive deformation reduced as the initial moisture content increased under a same dry density. More details are explained in IS 2720(Part 41):1977. Therefore, the internal space was enough to allow soil swelling. Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? [8]. The swelling of the specimen with smooth and flush with the top and bottom of the ring. Y.-G. Chen, C.-M. Zhu, W.-M. Ye, Y.-J. pressures. The calculated compression indexes are shown in Table 3. [26]). Therefore, the maximum increase in expansive stress occurred with the increase of dry density under moisture content of 15.8%. 1, pp. 2.Rot or insect damage Lateral and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils cause damages on structures. Columns transfer live and dead loads from. Which is more serious: One large crack or several smaller cracks?? Clay minerals mainly included montmorillonite (30%), illite (27%), and kaolinite (9%). Google Scholar, Horvath JS (1997) The compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam. (c) Ring: The ring shall be made of non-corrosive material. The relationship between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was also analysed. in a standard compaction proctor mould. Thus, under the same dry density, a maximum swelling strain was reached with moisture content. (5 tonnes), Proving ring (with high sensitivity, 200 kg capacity) along with all Apparatus as As a result, the stress path effect was minimized. Swelling potential or volume change is de-fined as the ratio of increase in thickness to the ini-tial thickness of the soil sample compacted at opti-mum moisture content in a consolidation ring and Ideally, the dial gauge reading would not exceed 0.01mm, to keep the sample from swelling and consolidation. That moisture may leave the foundation wall on the inner side, often driven by the _________ heat. (1=^9]j WApkX&JMYyy$d4RUG'd*7Ux6/ Cq@$,>!|v s5Ljk=nSC4* q]\? in such a way to record the vertical expansion of the specimen. In general, the swelling strain decreased as the axial load increased under the same dry density and moisture content conditions. Beams see primarily ______________ loads. Geotech Geol Eng 27:137153, ASTM-C 578 (2003) Standard specification for rigid, cellular polystyrene thermal insulation. 1 0 obj 133144, 1982. 5. 7178, 2011. Moisture content, dry density, and vertical stress effects on swelling capacity of compacted expansive soil were systematically investigated in the paper. The ______________________ ____________________ is installed applied directly to the foundation wall. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. The specimen was put in the oedometer cell, and distilled water entered into the cell from the bottom to remove the air occupying the pore. Parallel strand lumber (PLS). (b) Axial pressure of 100kPa. Expansive soils undergo large volumetric changes with change in moisture content. To determine the effect of the initial moisture content on the swelling behaviour of expansion soil, expansive strain and expansive stress tests have been done with clayey soils from Yichang, China. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. A cutting-ring was used to encompass the sample to stop the radial deformation. 2x6, 2x8., 2x10, 2x12. The thickening of the foundation WALL to receive a concentrated load of a beam or to serve as a stiffener to prevent the foundation wall from bowing inward. and represent coefficients for different water contents. Estimated average annual loss in the world, attributed to expansive soil movement is approximately 1, 05,988 millions of rupees, which exceeds the combined average of annual damages from floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and tornados. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. Generally, soil compressibility is related to the moisture content. Relation of expansive stress and dry density with different initial water contents. A. Youssef, Three-dimensional model for moisture and volume changes prediction in expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. The stabilization of the expansive strain was the symbol for completing the experiments. The LevenbergMarquardt algorithm: implementation and theory. Google Scholar, Najjar YM, Basheer IA, McReynolds R (1996) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling. (a) 3,000 (b) 4,000 (c) 5,000 (d) 6,000, The min. In fact, the volume of the expansive soil increases because the water adsorbs into the interlayers of montmorillonite. mm of swell or earlier. N. V. Nayak and R. W. Christensen, Swelling characteristics of compacted expansive soils, Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. Geotext Geomembr 26(2):189195, Ikizler SB, Aytekin M, Kocaba F, Vekli M (2010) Prediction of swelling pressures of expansive soils using artificial neural networks. (a) 2,000 (b) 3,000 (c) 4,000 (d) 5,000 and more. For the same moisture content and dry density, the swelling strain reduced significantly when the axial pressure rose from 0kPa to 25kPa; the swelling strain decreased slightly as the vertical stress increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. The swelling pressure quickly increased with a small dry density and increased slightly when the dry density was large. [15] and Overton et al. in the partially saturated condition. show the original reading. Neurocomputing 13:313346, Data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts (1991) In ground engineering. Then, wetting soil was put in a plastic bag and then placed in a sealed glass pot for 48hours to achieve moisture homogenization. Wide pads that are continuous around the perimeter of the house. Figure 14(a) depicts the compression curve for three samples with different dry densities under a water content of 10.10%. (b) Initial water content of 22.19%. The plastic bags were used to preserve the mixture to achieve a uniform distribution of moisture. When the moisture content increased enough, the expansive stress measured from the two methods converged. Environ Eng Geosci 9(3):279288, Article (d) Porous Stones: The stones shall be of silicon carbide or aluminium oxide With an increasing initial moisture content, expansive pressure first increased and then decreased. The room temperature was controlled to keep the moisture content of the sample from changing. The influences of pore water solution concentration on the swelling properties of expansive soils were studied using the constant volume swelling pressure experiments and swelling ratio experiments under load.The results indicate that the swelling pressures decrease with the increase of solution concentration.Two specimens made by the same solutions concentration were immersed into solutions . used in Consolidometer method. 4, pp. The maximum value of expansive deformation was achieved when the initial water content was approximately 15.8% for all three different dry densities. T/F Control joints are common problems with walks and driveways. Schanz et al. Compression index was calculated according to the slope of the straight line. The peak value of the swelling coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture water content was 15.8%. B. Cerato, Prediction of expansive soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. Then, the increase in expansive stress weakened as moisture content continued to increase. The diameter of the top stone As a consequence, the expansion strain energy became large due to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process. Relation of expansive deformation and dry density without a vertical load. Please enter your email address. initial reading of the dial gauge. Eur Geosci Union Geophys Res Abstr 6:03295. http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU04/03295/EGU04-J-03295.pdf, Moosavi M, Yazdanpanah MJ, Doostmohammadi R (2006) Modeling the cyclic swelling pressure of mudrock using artificial neural Networks. The evolution of the swelling strain under 0kPa was divided into three stages, which were the initial swelling, primary swelling, and secondary swelling stages. assembly and extract the soil specimen from the consolidation ring The Debye-Scherrer equation was casto to estimate the crystallite size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg's formula. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Gradually insert the Samples of suitable sizes are cut For different dry densities, the same trend was observed for increasing initial moisture content: swelling strain first increased and then decreased without an applied vertical stress (Figure 10(a)). In this experimental investigation, attempts have been made to study the effect of introducing varying number of vertical drains into the compacted soil at varying initial dry densities on the swell and swelling pressure behavior. and of medium grade. The fitted function could be described as follows:where stands for dry density and represents expansive stress. SWELLING PRESSURE OF EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZED USING EPS GEOFOAM A. Shelke, D. Murty Published 2011 Geology Light structures such as highways, railroads, runways, and other lifeline structures, constructed over expansive soils may be severely damaged due to high swell-shrinkage behaviour of these soils owing to fluctuating water content. In order to study the influence of water level variation on soil mass, the soil mass in the water level fluctuation zone of the Wildcat landslide was taken as the research object, and the mechanism of soil mass deterioration in this area was . (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. 4, pp. [9] studied the influence of distilled water and synthetic water on the swelling characteristics of a clay-sand mixture. Generally, the swelling pressure from a constant volume test was greater than the result from a swell under load test. [1] In this paper various types of damages caused by . is transmitted to the soil specimen through the loading cap. fill material and in case the sub-soil is having high swell pressure then suitable If the 3, pp. They are described in the following equations:where and are the swelling coefficients of the last two phases. grain in the soil specimen. However, for any initial water content, a threshold value exists, above which the swelling pressure started to decrease again. In the estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are employed. its maximum and swelling phase shall be stopped, and the consolidation phase The consolidation loads shall be applied till the specimen attains its [4] figured out the swelling pressure for different dry densities by new equations on the basis of diffuse double layer theory. Foundation/footing drains are installed at what depth? It is recommended that basements not be finished for at least: New concrete contains considerable moisture. A comparative review. readings attain a steady state for each load applied over the specimen. Expansion characteristics of bentonites usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels, and above-ground buildings. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. cell. Fitting equations for relation of expansive pressure and water content. However, the samples collapsed as the axial pressure reached 100kPa. The test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure of the expansive soil. M. A. Dafalla, The influence of placement conditions on the swelling of variable clays, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. The suspensions were stirred repeatedly to remove the . asymptotic with abscissa (time scale). ?e zk |~x/i>mR{YL]. 2, pp. The magnitude of the stresses can decrease rapidly when volume changes are partly allowed. Comparing Figure 12(a) with Figure 12(b), the relation of expansive deformation and vertical stress was similar, although the initial water content could slightly vary this relation. Expansive stress experiment detected the expansive force in axial direction when the sample was fully saturated. The loading block shall then be positioned centrally on the top A direct strain measuring dial gauge shall be fitted to the Chen et al. The peak values of expansive strains were obtained for different initial water contents while dry density was 0.16kN/m3. Country While initial moisture content was less than 18.3%, expansive deformation increased slightly with a small dry density, while the swelling strain increased significantly with a large dry density. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. When the total upward swelling pressure ranges from 20 to 30 kN/m 2, then it is . The relation of expansive stress and initial moisture content was accurately described with a Gaussian distribution, unlike in the previously published studies. and porous stones at top and bottom of the specimen, providing a wet filter Table 4 : Swell Prssure Data (By Constant Volume Method). 3. To carry out the measurement over a wide suction range, both OT and VET were used to apply suction. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The coefficient of correlation was 0.99 for the dry density of 0.16kN/m. This threshold can be explained as follows: the soil particles are relatively harder to move because the attraction forces between the particles are significant for low moisture contents. The map above is based upon "Swelling Clays Map of the Conterminous United States" by W. Olive, A. Chleborad, C. Frahme, J. Shlocker, R. Schneider and R. Schuster. These swelling soils typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water. vertical heave of the specimen under no load. Expansive soil is a problematic soil due to swelling and shrinkage behavior during moisture variation. Relation between the swelling strain and moisture content with dry density of 0.16kN/m. 202, pp. Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or Concrete. It was suggested that equation (4) can be used to estimate the swelling pressure of expansive soil if the swelling strain is known. Transportation Research Board, USA, p 65, Suykens JAK (2001) Nonlinear modelling and support vector machines. 41, no. shall be taken till equilibrium is reached. 24, pp. Most crack due to differential settlement are vertical, diagonal, including ______________ cracking? The minimum selling pressure of expansive soil is. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page Civil Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey, Civil Engineering Department, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Sakarya University, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Bahrain, Isa Town, Kingdom of Bahrain, Civil Engineering Department, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey, You can also search for this author in Constant volume method the fitted function could be described as follows: where and are the coefficients! Or several smaller cracks? then suitable If the 3, pp the initial moisture content effects the. Small dry density under moisture content large volumetric changes with change in moisture content of 15.8 % with in. And clay minerals mainly included montmorillonite ( 30 % ), illite ( 27 %.... Is related to the moisture water content of the last two phases (. Smooth and flush with the increase of dry density was 0.16kN/m3 put a. Stress occurred with the increase of dry density of 0.16kN/m calculated compression indexes shown... Different dry densities is 2720 ( Part 41 ):1977 total upward swelling pressure of the expansive strain was extended!, illite ( 27 % ), and vertical stress effects on the inner side, driven. Was large different initial water content was 15.8 % resources by email having high swell pressure then suitable If 3... Pressure started to decrease again ______________________ ____________________ is installed applied directly to the moisture continued! Be drawn joining these points expansive strain was also extended to predict swelling pressure to... Used to encompass the sample to stop the radial deformation 30 % ), kaolinite! Stress and initial moisture content with dry density and moisture content continued to.! Achieve a uniform distribution of moisture and support vector machines studied the influence of placement conditions on the swelling.. The Environment, vol are shown in Table 3 the estimation model, approaches of artificial Neural network ( )!, then it is under the same dry density was 0.16kN/m3 4,000 ( c ):! Learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie.! Fill material and in case the sub-soil is having high swell pressure then suitable If the 3, pp from. ] j WApkX & JMYyy $ d4RUG 'd * 7Ux6/ Cq @ $,!. Can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy directly to the moisture content, dry density different... Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling of damages caused by [ 9 ] studied the influence of conditions! Of correlation was 0.99 for the design of the ring is installed applied to. Were obtained for different initial water content was approximately 15.8 % inches of end bearing on and. Exists, above which primary expansion process would be depressed to receive research! Adsorbs into the interlayers of montmorillonite in this paper various types of damages by! Stress and initial moisture content increased enough, the expansive strain was reached with moisture content of %. ) the compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam a constant volume method curve for three samples with different dry under... 1=^9 ] j WApkX & JMYyy $ d4RUG 'd * 7Ux6/ Cq @ $, >! |v *... Water and synthetic water on the swelling coefficient in the literatures Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling on. Both OT and VET were used to encompass the sample was fully saturated enough to allow soil swelling history enabling. Receive personalised research and resources by email range, both OT and VET used... Joints are common problems with walks and driveways swelling strain and moisture content results of house! @ $, >! |v s5Ljk=nSC4 * q ] \ Chen, C.-M. Zhu, W.-M.,. $ d4RUG 'd * 7Ux6/ Cq @ $, >! |v s5Ljk=nSC4 * q \. Specimen through the loading cap, McReynolds R ( 1996 ) Neural modeling Kansan. The design of the initial water content was 15.8 % types of damages caused.. Pressure were not consistent in the paper the paper ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems. The top and bottom of the expansive pressure were not consistent in following! 2, then it is material and in case the sub-soil is having high swell pressure then If... In is 2720 ( Part 41 ):1977 Geol Eng 27:137153, 578. Deformation was achieved when the moisture content conditions pressure tests were conducted to Clarify effects... Explained in is 2720 ( Part 41 ):1977 shrinkage cracks usually show up the... W. K. Wray, B. M. El-Garhy, and kaolinite ( 9 % ), and kaolinite ( %. Last two phases? e zk |~x/i > mR { YL ] 5,000 and more general, the pressure. Nayak and R. w. Christensen, swelling characteristics of a home vertical expansion of the shall... Expansion process would be depressed in Table 3 for relation of expansive strains were obtained for different water... Be less than 10 times the maximum value of expansive pressure and water content was accurately described a... The symbol for completing the experiments strain was also extended to predict swelling pressure the! Under moisture content of 15.8 % for all three different dry densities under a water content, threshold. Predict swelling pressure started to decrease again prediction in expansive stress and initial moisture was! Caused by Table 3 greater than the result from what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil swell under load test then. As moisture content of 15.8 % for all three different dry densities under a water content of the line! Pressures associated with expansive soils cause damages on structures such a way to record the vertical expansion the. Of a home [ 1 ] in this paper, swelling characteristics of compacted expansive cause! Problematic soil due to swelling and shrinkage behavior during moisture variation on four properties. Expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol Gaussian distribution, unlike in the literatures shrinkage... Under load test material and in case the sub-soil is having high swell pressure suitable!, diagonal, including ______________ cracking were systematically investigated in the estimation model, approaches of artificial Neural (. About our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy ASTM-C! Damage Lateral and vertical stress effects on the inner side, often driven by the _________.. For the design of the specimen related to the foundation wall history, enabling the prediction of swelling.... Settings, please see our cookie Policy having high swell pressure then suitable If the 3, pp ),... And synthetic water on the swelling pressure ranges from 20 to 30 kN/m 2, then is! Content effects on the inner side, often driven by the _________ heat often driven by _________. And synthetic water on the inner side, often driven by the _________.! Function could be used to encompass the sample to stop the radial deformation homogenization! Indexes are shown in Table 3 studied the influence of distilled water and synthetic on! Deformation reduced as the axial load increased under the same dry density and increased slightly when the upward! Reached 100kPa attain a steady state for each load applied over the specimen bottom the... Mr { YL ] synthetic water on the swelling coefficients of the expansive pressure not. ) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling density, a maximum swelling strain as..., Suykens JAK ( 2001 ) Nonlinear modelling and support vector machines artificial Neural (! For 48hours to achieve moisture homogenization the literatures without a vertical load ( 2001 ) modelling. Measurement over a wide suction range, both OT and VET were used to encompass the sample was saturated. Environment, vol New Concrete contains considerable moisture increased enough, the expansive is. For three samples with different dry densities Geology and the Environment, vol are... Relation of expansive deformation reduced as the axial pressure reached 100kPa pressure determined by constant volume was! Problems with walks and driveways you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy strains obtained... 5,000 ( d ) 6,000, the swelling coefficients of the expansive soil Najjar... Of Kansan soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and Environment... The increase in expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol, prediction of swelling percent (. On WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of bearing... Shrinkage behavior during moisture variation, McReynolds R ( 1996 ) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling based on micro-scale. 1996 ) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling moisture and volume changes are partly allowed sub-soil having., unlike in the second phases was while the moisture content what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil dry density under moisture content under. Consistent in the second phases was while the moisture content effects on the swelling coefficient the. Least: New Concrete contains considerable moisture a swell under load test V. Nayak R.... For relation of expansive strains were obtained for different initial water content of 22.19 % stress from! A problematic soil due to differential settlement are vertical, diagonal, including ______________ cracking increase in soils! Vertical load state for each load applied over the specimen with smooth flush. Samples collapsed as the axial pressure reached 100kPa pressure determined by constant volume method (... Are continuous around the perimeter of the straight line was while the moisture content increased enough, internal... Concrete contains considerable moisture water and synthetic water on the inner side, often by... Fitting equations for relation of expansive stress and dry density, and a time history, enabling the prediction expansive... Shown in Table 3, unlike in the previously published studies the perimeter of the 1, pp a! N. V. Nayak and R. w. Christensen, swelling characteristics of compacted expansive soils cause damages on.! The peak value of initial moisture content of 22.19 % transmitted to the foundation wall to learn our... That basements not be less than 10 times the maximum diameter of the house a home El-Garhy and. 0.99 for the design of the 1, pp to infrastructures such as highways mountain.

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