biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development

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Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. And, generally, boys are more rigid, and girls are more flexible with gender stereotypes (Blakemore et al., 2009). Ultimately, Freud theorized that an individuals psychosomatic distress (physical symptoms that occur due to psychological distress) was a manifestation of internal conflicts. Both describe how specific cognitive skills and thought processes can affect how our gender identity develops. One of the first questions is How far along are you? and then Are you going to find out the sex of the baby? We begin to socialize children to gender before they are even born! Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. When we look at a particular topic in psychology from a particular psychological approach, it can be helpful to look at how other schools of thought also approach the same phenomenon. (2015) suggested using a Theoretically as well as empirically, the approaches and results are quite contradictory. As theories have expanded, it has become clearer that socialization of gender occurs. February 27, 2023 equitable estoppel california No Comments . They also used this reasoning to predict what other children would like. The complex is described as unconscious tension in which a young boy is preoccupied with his mother and hates his father, viewing him as a rival. After an infant has been shown a gendered item (doll versus a truck) they will then stare at a photograph of the matching gender longer. However, this theory is limited by methodological problems associated with the studies that support it. Superordinate schemas guide information for gender groups whereas own-sex schemas guide information about ones own behaviors as it relates to their own gender group (Dinella, 2017). There are many factors that may lead to the patterns we see in gender socialization. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Module 4 - Gender Through a Developmental Psychology Lens, Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 1: Foundations of A Psychology of Gender, Module 2 - Studying Gender Using the Scientific Method, Module 3 - Gender Through a Social Psychological Lens, Module 5 - Gender Through a Human Sexuality Lens, Module 6 - Gender Through a Cognitive Psychology Lens, Module 7 - Gender Through a Physiological Psychology Lens, Module 8 - Gender Through a Health Psychology Lens, Module 9- Gender Through a Clinical Psychology Lens, Module 10 - Gender Through an Educational Lens, Module 11 - Gender Through an Industrial-Organizational Lens, https://www.simplypsychology.org/little-hans.html, https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfeGf4Ei7F0, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vz_7EQWZjmM, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Well, non-conforming gender behavior (e.g., boys playing with dolls, girls playing with trucks) is often ridiculed by peers and children may even be actively excluded. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. In fact, they found that this drug had cancer-related impacts out to three generations! Post an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one's perspective on the value of psychotherapy treatments. The infant is born into a gendered world! Even video games have gender stereotyped focuses. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Biological Psychological And Social Factors This book looks at causative reasons behind creative acts and stylistic expressions. This basic evil and basic hostility ultimately led to anxiety. Nutrients and micronutrients are vital for proper brain function. Their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. Hormones are chemicals in our body's endocrine system carried through the bloodstream that performs specific functions. Biological factors that may influence gender identity include pre- and post-natal hormone levels and genetic makeup. This is important because it places children as an active agent in their socialization. ; McLeod, 2008). Conservation is a child's cognitive ability to understand that even when a person's or object's appearances change, more stable properties such as mass and quantity do not change. Boys are more gender-typed and fathers place more focus on this (Bvunzawabaya, 2017). While there was significant research done on females, less research was done on males. We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we are focusing on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. 4.2.6.1. We notice that girls prefer to play in pairs while boys prefer larger group play. As children develop, parents tend to also continue gender-norm expectations. Is it the same across countries? What are the two cognitive theories of gender development? Give two examples of cognitive theories of gender. We then become models for others as well! In other words, gender identity takes place in our minds and is not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. what assumption do we need to make when using the cognitive approach to understand gender? There are two different factors at play: our genetics and our hormones. Clarify biological factors and how they relate to gender in psychology. Students also viewed. The two cognitive theories of development are the Kohlbergs theory (1966) and the gender schema theory (1981). The focus teachers and educators have on different qualities may have a lasting impact on children. What parents talk to their children about is different based on gender as well. To resolve this tension, the girl adopts her mother's feminine traits and replaces her desire for a penis with a desire for a baby. Ultimately, gender roles are divided into females focusing on rearing children and gathering food close to home, whereas males go out and hunt and protect the family. Just as there are biological influences on gender development, there are also social influences on gender development. Within this theory, it is assumed that children actively create their schemas about gender by keeping or discarding information obtained through their experiences in their environment (Dinella, 2017). a child may develop a schema about dogs, that contains the knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. what is a strength of the gender schema theory? of the users don't pass the Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development quiz! 4.3.1. Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. However, in adolescence, they become more rigid again. Clarify how psychoanalysis relates to gender development. There are 3 major theories of gender development: 1. labels) when they first encountered them. The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table Authors The cognitive-developmental theory of gender development suggests that children adjust their view of gender based on the new information they receive as they mature. Children get physical and psychological characteristics from their parents which becomes a part of their personalities. As children get older, their corrective feedback becomes subtler. Freud and other psychoanalysts believed this was the only way to resolve the internal conflict in the subconscious, and to then alleviate the physical and psychological maladjustment that was presenting in the individual. Peers or adults directly instructing another person on what a girl or boy is or is not to do is a very influential socializing factor. The penis, or absence of, is the differentiating factor here, as the libido moves to the penis or clitoris in the Phallic stage. You can also view an educational YouTube video that summarizes Davids case (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfeGf4Ei7F0) as well as a short clip from an Oprah show in which Davids family appears on (linked here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vz_7EQWZjmM). We begin to see boys and girls segregate in their play, based on gender, in very early years. Full-text available. ), or if they were overly threatened by females in their family (especially their mothers), they may develop contempt for their own gender. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. Explain how Horney theorized gender and how her theory applies to gender in psychology. Freud theorized that healthy development leads to the sexual drive being released through heterosexual intercourse; however, fixations or incomplete resolutions of conflict in this stage may lead to sexual atypicalities (e.g., preference for oral sex rather than intercourse, homosexual relations, etc. 64 terms. It should be noted that the amount of rigidity to gender norms of the behavior being modeled is also important (Perry & Bussey, 1979). Moreover, when considering print media, we know that there tends to be a focus on appearance, body image, and relationships for teenage girls, whereas print media tends to focus on occupations and hobbies for boys. focuses on how our unconscious thoughts and drives influence our behaviour. As children mature, their gender constancy becomes more established, which lays the foundation for how they understand other elements of gender, including same-sex models and gender stereotypes. We have seen a slight shift in this in many media forms beginning in the mid to late 1980s and 1990s (Stever, 2017; Torino, 2017). 60 terms. While modeling in social learning explains some things, it does not explain everything. This chapter is meant to provide the reader with information on the psychological, social, cognitive, and spiritual aspects of aging. What is Kohlberg's theory of gender identity development? The Oedipus complex is traditionally used to describe the development of boys. Fourth is declarative procedural learning. In this module, we will focus on various theories that have attempted to explain gender development. To help manage this conflict, the superego develops, and the boy transfers his desire for his mother onto other women, in general. The verbal recall component is the declarative component and the individual actually experiencing the events (not simply being told about them) is the episodic component. While sex and gender are not the same, society often operates around the binary structure of gender -- male vs female. For example, if we can now use tools to hunt more effectively, the traditional needs of a male (as explained in sex-based theories) may be less critical in this task (Bevan, 2017). Children used gender schemas and gravitated to gender-normed toys. This is specifically true for girls as young as 18-24 months; however, boys do not show this quite as early (Serbin,Poulin-Dubois, Colburne, Sen, & Eichstedt, 2001). 3.6: Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development is shared under a not declared license and was authored . is called basic evil. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. Once a child can label their own gender, they begin to apply schemas to themselves. 2 Genderfluidity is a concept that is becoming known in today's society. Social learning theory says that we learn certain behaviours and social roles (i.e. For example, girls did better academically if their parents took this approach versus very gender-traditional families. Psychoanalysis was one of the very first theories in psychology, and we have Sigmund Freud to thank for that. If a little girl is playing with a truck and looks over and sees three girls playing with dolls, she may put the truck down and play with the dolls. Biologically oriented theories, such as that of John Money and Anke Ehrhardt, have focused on the many genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between the sexes as providing the major basis for the gender role distinctions shown by . The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Which of these groups of people do children tend to consider more favourable than the other? The pain that was produced from basic evil then led to basic hostility. In women, estrogen levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts and beginning their menstrual cycle. So how does this work for girls if they do not have a penis to fear castration of? Additionally . describe what cognitive approaches are in psychology. Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. Moreover, an individual must recognize that gender remains constant over time, which is gender stability and across settings, which is gender consistency. It also suggests that gender is determined by biological factors, such as hormones. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Define and describe gender schema theory. Sociocultural theory is an emerging field of psychology that looks at the contributions of society to individual development. Parents begin to socialize children to gender long before they can label their own. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. Thus, a gender schema is an outline about genders a template to follow regarding gender. 4.1.1. The more a child plays with same-gender peers, the more their behavior becomes gender-stereotyped. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. One of the negative side-effects is that it mutates DNA and alters its expression. Teachers also tend to praise boys and girls for different behaviors. Biological processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature. To use the cognitive approach to explain gender and its development, we must first base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept, that it is something within our minds and not something biologically determined or strictly behavioural. This desire then leads to a strong fear that his father will ultimately castrate him due to his attraction to his mother, which is known as castration anxiety. How do children develop schemas? Gender identity: refers to an individual's sense of their gender. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Are there psychodynamic explanations for gender development. Sex-based explanations explain that gendered behaviors have occurred as a way to adapt and increase the chances of reproduction. The learning Theory states that "Traits and behaviors are not inborn- we learn them." (122) This means that we aren't born we knowing what traits and behaviors are for each gender, we learn them through our environment. Likewise, they will criticize, and perhaps even reject a peer, when a peer engages in play that is inconsistent with gender expectations. This theory tends to be more supported, compared to sex-based theories (Bevan, 2017). How do children develop their gender identity in their in-group? Show abstract. A female can never fully resolve penis envy, and if taken Freuds theory is to be taken literally, a female can never fully resolve the core conflict of the Phallic Stage and will always have some fixation and thus, some maladaptive development. Lets quickly recap basic biology. 1182 Words5 Pages. Shortly after birth, boys experience an increase in testosterone, whereas girls experience an increase in estrogen. Overall, psychoanalytic theory focuses on very early life experiences. Before we get into those areas, lets remember that we are talking about gender development. Sometimes referred to as the Electra Complex, Freud theorized that girls were upset and distressed that they had no penis (referred to as penis envy) and resented their mother for this. He later ended up killing his father in battle (not knowing it was his father) and later married a woman who it came to be discovered was his mother, though neither Oedipus nor his mother knew about their link to one another. Peers are strong influences regarding gender and how children play. Describe socialization theories regarding gender. When a child's concept of gender is formed, their gender stability is established. Theories that suggest that gender identity development is universal across cultures (e.g., Eastern versus Western cultures, etc.) Demand characteristics: When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to, rather than acting naturally. Cognition is the basic ability to . She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. This learning relies on subcortical striatum structures and focuses on learning sequencing for behaviors. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. For instance, the female and male genitalia are different both internally and externally. This later impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the cause of psychopathology. gender roles) through observation and imitation and reward and punishment. Infants do not prefer gendered toys (Bussey, 2014). Similarly, females need higher levels of estrogen as well as oxytocin, which encourages socialization and bonding (Bevan, 2017). As children get older, peers become increasingly influential. The same thing can happen with gender modeling applies to gender socialization. In the past, gender identity was thought to be influenced only by social and familial factors. Kim K, Joo YY, Ahn G, et al. Describe how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy, and explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for . Kohlberg is one of those theorists we will learn about later. For example, boys are praised more for their educational successes (e.g., grades, skill acquisition) whereas girls are acknowledged for more domesticate-related qualities such as having a tidy work area (Eccles, 1987). Biological factors of personality are very important for the formation of human personality. Teenagers experience biological, cognitive, and social changes during adolescence that can affect their gender role attitudes (Eagly & Wood, 2012 ). Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. For example, Most girls dont like trucks. Essentially, parents provided extra commentary in the story, and that commentary tended to include vast generalizations about gender. By identifying with their in-group, usually consisting of people with similar gender identities, children take on gender characteristics and develop their gender expression and their idea of belonging to their in-group. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. Freud proposes that children develop their gender through the Oedipus complex. Boys, however, are encouraged to be more active, and there is certainly more of a focus on academic achievements (Torino, 2017). Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). Children tend to play in sex-segregated peer groups. Social learning theory. They also overestimate their sons abilities and underestimate their daughters abilities. Case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews. He viewed this stage as the time in which boys become men. Okay, before we get too far, you are probably wondering how learning is related to biological theories. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. By age 3, peers will reinforce one another for engaging in what is considered to be gender-typed or gender-expected play. Media includes movies, television, cartoons, commercials, and print media (e.g., newspapers, magazines). What is a methodological issue associated with conducting interviews with child participants? Gender roles are culturally influenced stereotypes which create expectations for appropriate behavior for males and females. The influence of nutrition on child development can be seen in areas such as physical and cognitive health. Human behavior is complex, being influenced by the fact that we are flesh and blood (biological influences) and our social relationships with other people. 4.1.1.1. The structure of personality. The gender of the child, while in the developed countries, does not impact as much as it does in developing countries. In this section, we are going to focus on the social, environmental, and cultural aspects of gender identity development. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. In general, media tends to portray males as more direct, assertive, muscular, in authority roles, and employed, whereas women tend to be portrayed as dependent, emotional, low in status, in the home rather than employed, and their appearance is often a focus. Hormones causing gender differences is a cognitive explanation for gender development. It does not explain why, Carol Martin and Charles Halverson developed the, Biological Influences on Gender Development, In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. Another theory combines the theory of social learning with cognitive theories (we will discuss cognitive theories below). Biological sex: genetialia and genes (XX or XY); gender that a person is assigned based on biological traits at birth; male or female biological traits Gender: physical, social, and behavioral characteristics tied to being male or female Gender identity: the gender a person identifies as; male, female, nonbinary 2. 4.2.6.2. He theorized that children actively seek out information about their environment. What were the results of Thompsons' 1975 study? These benefits include increased energy levels, improved cognitive function, better skin health, and reduced risk of age-related diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Research has shown that there is a genetic predisposition where gender is concerned. So, as we very briefly review this, our focus will be on the different brain structures that impact specific aspects of learning. What are some biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development? Within learning-based biological theories, there are five types of learning theorized to occur. This is because we do not just model behavior, we also monitor how others react to our behaviors. Sex refers to an individual's biological status as either male or female (or hermaphrodite). So why did Freud describe the conflict in the Phallic stage as the Oedipus complex? The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. In that case, we must base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept. Before we get started, we want you to ask yourself a few questions When do we begin to recognize and label ourselves as boy or girl, and why? Gender constancy includes multiple parts. Oedipus was a man that killed his father and married his mother in Greek mythology. Clarify whether these influences are independent of each other or whether they interact with each other. In terms of gender, Martin and Halverson suggested that children develop their gender identity by creating schemas about different genders and determining their in-group and out-group based on this. If they learn new information that does not align with what they already know, they will adjust their schema so they are aligned. The existence of research supports the validity of the theory. The problem with his theory is children begin to recognize gender and model gender behaviors before they have the cognitive capacity for gender constancy (remember all that we learned about how infants show gender-based knowledge?). Their work has particularly focussed on a pair of male identical twins, one of whom had his penis so severely injured during circumcision, that at the age of 17 months he underwent gender reassignment surgery and was raised as a girl. Here is the interesting part: modeling does not just stop after the immediate moment is over. Cognitive studies use a range of methods such as case studies, questionnaires, lab experiments and interviews to find out about what thought patterns we have and what these mean for us. Fig. In a girl, it is the other way around. What did Liben and Signorella (1993) find in their study? Clarify how Freud theorized gender and how his theory applies to gender in psychology. Overall, it is widely accepted that there are two types of schemas that are relevant in gender schema theory superordinate schemas and own-sex schemas. As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. This difference has been linked to variations in social, language, and visual development between sexes. Jun 2017. Kohlberg believed, much like Freud did, that children go through three specific developmental stages in their lives. For the purposes of this book, we are going to focus on how his theory specifically relates to gender development. have been scrutinized. Regarding biological theories, there tends to be four areas of focus. If they are provided such, they will develop appropriately. Mothers modeled this behavior, and children later began to model the same behavior. Girls may also be oriented towards relationships and their appearance rather than careers and academic goals, if they are very closely identifying with traditional gender roles. The human brain is divided into two halves: the cerebral hemispheres are the right and left halves of the cerebrum, which is the convoluted . Prior to birth, a mother's diet and health play a key role. This could be because staying with like-minded people, such as members of your gender, was much safer than spending time with people very dissimilar to you (e.g., an unfamiliar group) because they would not have much incentive to raise you and help you survive. Biological influences include. Ultimately, to really develop fully, one must have a penis according to Freuds theory. They are more likely to avoid STEM-focused classes, whereas boys seek out STEM classes (more frequently than girls). Parents label gender even when not required. When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to act rather than behave naturally. If a female was disappointed by males in her family (such as her father or brother, etc. It is full of equipment you are not sure how to use it. This is modeling and you modeled the behavior of the person ahead of you. Nutrition Proper nutrition is a vital factor in a child's overall development. Suppose we use the cognitive approach to explain gender and its development.

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